<Newyork Times>
U.S. and Russia Seek Ambitious Cuts in Nuclear Arsenals
By PETER BAKER
Published: December 17, 2009
* Arsenal : 무기고, 군수품, 창고
WASHINGTON — Eight months, three presidential
meetings, countless Geneva negotiating sessions and one missed deadline
later, the United States and Russia
appear close to agreement on a new arms control treaty that will reduce
their strategic nuclear arsenals by at least one quarter.
But even if the two sides manage to bring home a deal in coming days as they hope, that will be the easy part. After President Obama and President Dmitri A. Medvedev
of Russia sign the new pact, they plan to send negotiators back to the
table next year to pursue a far more ambitious agreement tackling whole
categories of nuclear weapons never before subject to international limits.
* pact : 약속, 계약
The talks envisioned for 2010 would continue to advance Mr. Obama’s
disarmament agenda and attempt what no president has managed since the
dark days of the cold war. In addition to further reducing deployed
strategic warheads, the negotiations would try to empty at least some
vaults now storing warheads in reserve. And the two sides would take
aim at thousands of tactical nuclear bombs most vulnerable to theft or
proliferation, some still located in Europe 20 years after the fall of
the Berlin Wall.
* envision : en/vision, visualize, 마음에 그리다, 계획하다.
* disarmament : dis/arm/ment, 무장 해체, 군비 축소
* deploy : [군사] 전개, 배치
* warhead : 탄두
* vulnerable : 상처 입기 쉬운, 공격 받기 쉬운
* proliferation : pro/life/tion, 분열, 증식, 급증, 확산
The
effort is part of a broader initiative by Mr. Obama to start down the
road toward eventual elimination of all nuclear weapons and to
transform the American military for a new era. A nuclear posture review
due next month will propose an overhaul of the nation’s strategic
doctrine and force consideration of the question of how many weapons
the United States really needs without a superpower rival, including
whether to eliminate one leg of the traditional “triad” of submarines,
missiles and bombers.
* initiative : 독창력, 주도
* era : 시기
* posture : 자세, 마음가짐
* overhaul : 분해-검사하다, 정비하다, 총점검
The first step is the completion of the
treaty now on the table. Mr. Obama left Washington on Thursday night to
fly to Copenhagen, where he will meet with Mr. Medvedev on the
sidelines of a global climate change conference. There, they hope to cut through the remaining obstacles to the agreement to replace the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of 1991, known as Start, which expired on Dec. 5.
* obstacle : 장애물, 방해물, 반대, 저항
The
new version of Start would require each side to reduce deployed
strategic nuclear warheads to roughly 1,600, down from 2,200, according
to a senior American official. It would also force each side to reduce
its strategic bombers and land- and sea-based missiles to below 800,
down from the old limit of 1,600. Foreign Minister Sergey V. Lavrov of
Russia said on Thursday that there had been “some slowing down” in
negotiations by the other side, but American officials denied it and
said there were just three remaining issues to resolve, mainly on
verification.
* resolve : 결의하다, 의결하다, 결심하다
* verification : 비준, 증거, 근거
If lingering differences can be addressed, the
Obama administration hopes to build on the trust established over the
past eight months and plunge right back into talks for a broader
agreement. That broader treaty would reduce the number of deployed
strategic warheads even further, perhaps to about 1,000 for each
country, a level considered the lowest the two would go without
bringing in China, Britain, France and other nuclear powers.
* linger : 남아 있다, 꾸물거리다
Beyond
that, negotiators would tackle stored strategic weapons and tactical
weapons, neither of which has been limited by treaty. The United States
has about 3,000 strategic warheads in storage while Russia has about
1,000, according to the Center for Defense Information, a private
advocacy group in Washington.
* advocacy : ad/voca/cy, 옹호, 지지, 고취
The lopsided balance is the
opposite for tactical warheads, generally defined as those with ranges
below 300 to 400 miles. Russia has 3,000 to 8,000 of them, according to
the Center for Defense Information. The Federation of American
Scientists estimates that about 2,000 of them are actually deployed,
while the Arms Control Association says that perhaps just a few hundred
are truly operational.
* lopsided : lop/sided, 한쪽으로 기울어진, 균형을 잃은
Estimates of American tactical nuclear
weapons range from 500 to 1,200, with about 150 to 240 still deployed
in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Turkey, half as many as
about five years ago. The United States in recent years has withdrawn
tactical nuclear weapons from bases in Britain, Germany and Greece.
* withdraw : 손을 빼다, 뒤로 물리다, 철수시키다
“Today
these weapons are militarily unnecessary, and they are a much bigger
liability than asset because Russia and the United States have to
maintain security over these warheads whether they are deployed or not
deployed, and they’re harder to track because they’re smaller,” said
Daryl G. Kimball, executive director of the Arms Control Association.
* liability : 책임, 부담, 의무
But
the challenge of reaching an accord would eclipse the difficulties in
drafting the current treaty, which was supposed to be completed by the
time Start expired two weeks ago. “It would make this look like a walk
in the park,” Mr. Kimball said.
The idea of withdrawing all tactical nuclear arms has generated debate in Europe. In October, Germany’s new foreign minister, Guido Westerwelle,
called for “a country free of nuclear weapons,” meaning it was time for
the United States to remove the remaining tactical weapons. But other NATO
allies are leery of a complete pullback, seeing the presence of the
weapons as a sign of America’s continued commitment to European
security.
* leerly : 곁눈질하다
Similar debates have played out within both the
American and Russian military establishments. “This is what both
presidents say they want, but they’re both going to have to overcome
the resistance of the conservative nuclear bureaucracies in their
countries,” said Joseph Cirincione, president of the Ploughshares Fund,
a group that advocates disarmament. “These are small but still powerful
forces.”
* conservitive : 보수적인
* bureaucraciy : 관료, 관료 정치
Tactical nuclear weapons were developed during the cold
war as generally lower-yield, shorter-range explosives that could be
used on the battlefield. The United States and its NATO allies relied
on them as a deterrent to any invasion of Western Europe by what were
presumed to be superior Soviet and Warsaw Pact land forces. But since
the demise of the Soviet Union, the thinking has flipped, and Russia
today views tactical nuclear weapons as a bulwark against American
conventional supremacy.
* deterrent : 방해물, 전쟁 억지력 (핵무기)
* demise : 붕어, 서거, 사망
* bulwark : 성채, 보루
* conventional : 전통적인
* supremacy : 지배권, 주권, 대권, 패권
“The idea that they would give these
things up lightly is a fool’s errand,” said Henry D. Sokolski,
executive director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center in
Washington. “They’re putting more emphasis, not less, on these systems.
They’re relying on them more because they can’t catch up with us on
conventional forces.”
* errand : 심부름
Washington and Moscow emerged from the cold
war determined to reduce tactical nuclear arms, and both sides
announced unilateral cuts in 1991. As a result, 17,000 tactical nuclear
weapons were withdrawn from service, but no treaty ever imposed legally
binding limits.
* emerge : 나오다, 나타나다
* unilateral : 일방적인, 일면의, 한쪽의
Nikolai N. Sokov, a former Soviet arms control
negotiator now with the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation
Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in
California, called it “the longest deadlock on the entire arms control
agenda.”
* deadlock : 교착 상태, 막다른 골목
